lcn-P-\-§sf kap-²-cn-t¡ï-sX-§s\? Hcp jw\mS³ ImgvN-¸mSv
\mZm-]pcw \ntbm-PI aÞew cmjv{So-b-ambn Hcp sNa-¸p-tIm-«-bm-Wv. Cu sNa-¸³ tIm«-bpsS Xnc-sª-Sp¸v Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mð Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-I-fpsS ]qÀW-amb B[n-]Xyw t_m[y-s¸-Spw. shdpw t_m[y-s¸-S-e-ñ. hnkva-b-I-c-amb t_m[y-s¸-Sð Fóp-thWw ]d-bm³. tIcf kwØm\ cq]o-I-c-Wm-\-´cw \Só 1957se BZy Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nð Ahn-`à Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bnse kn.F-¨v. IWm-c³ Pbn-¨p. 1965epw kn.F-¨v. IWm-c³ kn.]n.-Fw. Sn¡-änð Pbn-¨p. 1967ð kn.]n.-F-½nsâ C.hn. Ipam-c³ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p. ]nóoSv kn.]n.-sF. Øm\mÀ°n-I-fmb Fw. Ipam-c³ amÌÀ (1970), Im´-tem«v Ipª¼p (1977), sI.Sn. IWm-c³ (1980, 1982), kXy³ samtIcn (1987, 1991, 1996), _nt\mbv hnizw (2001, 2006) Fón-hÀ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p.
]Xn-s\m-óp-X-hW hnP-b-¯nsâ sNs¦mSn ]mdnb Cu aÞ-e-¯nð 1960ð Hc-ÛpXw \S-óp. XnI¨pw A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn, Gähpw hnkva-b-I-c-ambn, Aóv ]¨-s¡mSn ]mdn. tIhew ap¸-Xp-h-b-ÊpÅ t\sc-s¨msÆ ae-bm-f-a-dn-bm¯ Hcp bphm-hmWv knän§v \nb-a-k-`mw-Khpw Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Icp-¯-\mb t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cpó kn.F-¨v. IWm-cs\ A«n-a-dn-¨-Xv. Bcm-bn-cpóp B bphmhv? lao-Zen jw\m-Sv. BZÀi cmjv{So-b-¯nsâ BÄcq-]w. Hcn-¡epw Agn-a-Xn-bpsS Id-]p-c-fm¯ ip{` hyàn-Xzw.
lao-Zen jw\mSv hmbnð shÅn-¡-c-ïn-bp-ambn P\n-¨-bm-fm-Wv. ImkÀtIms« AXn-{]-i-kvXhpw ]ucm-Wn-I-hp-amb Xd-hm-«nse AwK-§-fmWv At±-l-¯nsâ D½bpw _m¸bpw. k¼-¯nsâ [mcm-fn-¯-¯nð InfnÀ¯ At±-l-¯nsâ _meyw Zmcn{Zyw Fs´-ó-dn-ªn-«n-ñ. Iuamcw Pohn-X-Zp-cnXw Fs´ó-dn-ªn-«nñ; buÆ\w [mcm-fn-¯-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-óp. Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv P\n-¨-sX-¦nepw jw\m-Sn\v A[x-Ir-X-tcmSpw Ai-c-W-tcmSpw Bew-_-lo-\-tcmSpw henb Imcp-Wy-am-bn-cp-óp. At±lw \m«nse lcn-P-\-§-fpsS {]bm-k-§Ä \ómbn a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-óp. Hcp kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hnsâ DÄ¡m-gvN-tbmsS Ah-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä A]-{K-Yn-¨n-cp-óp. In«pó thZn-I-fn-sems¡ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvasb At±lw \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin-¨p. cïmw tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bnð JÞt\m]t£] NÀ¨-bnð `mK-`m-¡mbn jw\mSv \nb-a-k-`-bnð lcn-P-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v \S-¯nb {]kwKw kzÀW-en]n-I-fnð tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n {]tXyIw s{^bn-an«v kq£n-t¡ïXm-Wv. \sñmcp ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-cpó KmÔnPn Xsâ "lcn-P-\nð' Fgp-Xn-bn-cpó teJ-\-§-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-¡p-a-Xv.
lao-Zen jw\m-Snsâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä¡v hn{K-l`RvPI kz`mh-apïv. At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Hgp-¡n-s\-Xnsc \o´p-óp. Có-se-hsc ]mSn-\-Só ]e-Xn-t\mSpw At±lw ]pdw-Xn-cn-ªp-\nóp. e_v[ {]XnjvT t\Snb kmaq-ln-I-co-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw Ie-ln¨pw amaq-ep-Isf XrW-hð¡cn¨pw GtXm Aen-Jn-X-\n-baw ImcWw tIc-f-¯nð lcn-P-\-t£a hIp¸v AtX kap-Zm-b-¯nðs]« a{´n-am-cmWv ssIImcyw sN¿p-ó-Xv. CXv ]mSn-sñ-ómWv jw\mSv hmZn-¡p-óXv. Cu hIp-¸nsâ a{´n Hcp aptóm-¡-¡m-c-\m-I-Ww. aptóm-¡-¡mÀ¡v lcn-P-\-§-tfmSv ASp¸w hcm\pw lcn-P-\-§-fpsS A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m[w amän-sb-Sp-¡m\pw Cuamäw Bhiy-am-sWóv At±lw iTn-¡p-óp.
lcn-P-\-§Ä¡p-thïn {]tXyIw tImf-\n-I-fp-ïm¡n Ahsc kap-²-cn-¡pó ]Xn-hm-Wtñm Npäpw ImWp-ó-Xv. lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v {]tXyIw tImf-\n-bpïm-¡p-óXv Hcp Xpcp-¯p-t]mse Ahsc Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-tb-bp-Åq-sh-ómWv jw\mSv hmZn-¡p-ó-Xv. ]Icw aptóm¡ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡n-S-bnð Xsó lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v ]mÀ¸nS kuIcyw \ðI-Ww. At±-l-¯nsâ asämcp \nÀt±iw ]n.F-kv.-kn-bnð lcn-P³ sa¼sd DÄs¸-Sp-¯-W-sa-óXm-Wv.
ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡pó jw\m-Snsâ {]kwKw ¢mkn¡v kz`m-h-amÀó-Xm-Wv. jw\mSv A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv Cw¥ojv `mj-bm-Wv. Hóm-´cw Iayq-Wn-t¡-äohv Cw¥o-jv. Nne-t¸mÄ Xsâ ssien¡v tamSn Iq«m\pw jw\mSv {ian-¡m-dp-ïv.
ChnsS \mbÀ¡v shcn Fó hntijW]-Z-an-ñ. IrÌy\vshcnFó \ma-hn-ti-j-W-apïv. {_mlva-W\n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ shcn, shcn Fóv \ma-hn-tijw BhÀ¯n-¡p-óp. Cu ]Z-hn-\ymkw BwK-te-b-hm-Iys¯ kwKo-Xm-ß-I-am-¡p-óp-shóv {]tXyIw ]d-tbïXn-ñ-tñm.
lcn-P-\-§Ä¡p-thïn kz´w PohnXw tlman¨ B\µXoÀ°sâ IÀ½-a-Þ-e-amWv ImkÀtIm-Sv. Cu a®nð P\n¨ph-fÀó Hcp BZÀi-hm-\mb t\Xm-hnsâ tIcf Akw»nsb {]I-¼\w sImÅn¨ {]kw-K-¯nsâ GI-tZi ]cn-`mj ]qÀW-cq-]-¯nð Xmsg sImSp-¡p-óp.
HmÀ¡pI; \mð]-¯m-dp-hÀjw ap¼v lao-Zen jw\mSv \S-¯nb \nb-a-k`m {]kw-K-am-Wn-Xv. GXmïv Ac-\q-ämïp-sImïv lcn-P-\-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v Hcp-]mSv kmaq-ln-I-am-ä-§Ä Dïm-bn-«pïv. Fómepw jw\m-Snsâ e£y-¯n-te¡v Hcp-]mSv hgn-Zqcw bm{X-sN-t¿ï-Xpïv. B e£yw \nd-th-dn-bmepw jw\m-Snsâ {]kw-K-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-{]-k-ànbpw kmaq-lnI {]k-ànbpw Hcn-¡epw \jvS-s¸-Sp-ón-ñ.
""sambvXo³Ip«n lmPn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ JÞ-t\m-]-t£-]s¯ Rm³ A\p-Iq-en-¡p-óp. \½psS kaq-l-¯nse aäp PmXn-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ hfsc ZpÀ_-e-cmWv lcn-P-\-§Ä. Ch-cpsS \nc-£-c-Xbpw AÚ-Xbpw Cñm-Xm-¡n, kmaq-lnI XS-Ê-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡n, kap-²-cn-¡-emWv lcn-P-\-t£a hIp-¸nsâ Dt±-i-e-£yw. Fómð \nc-£cX \nÀ½mÀÖ\w sN¿p-ó-Xnepw AÚX AI-äp-ó-Xnepw Zmcn{Zyw XpS-¨p-\o-¡p-ó-Xnepw lcn-P-\-t£a hIp-¸nsâ {iaw hnP-bn-¨p-thm-sbó Imcy-¯nð F\n¡v kwi-b-apïv.
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnð Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc, lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v hnZym-`ymkw sImSp-¡pó Imcy-¯nepw AhÀ¡v tPmen-sIm-Sp-¡p-ó-Im-cy-¯nepw kÀ¡mÀ kÀho-knð {]mXn-\n[yw \ðIpó Imcy-¯nepw Cu hIp¸v hnPbw ssIh-cn-¨n-«pïv. Fómð Rm³ tJZ-t¯msS ]d-b-s«, kmaq-lnI XS-Ê-§fpw cmPy-hym-]-I-amb sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw \nÀ½mÀÖ\w sN¿pó Imcy-¯nð Cu hIp¸v Zb-\o-b-ambn ]cm-P-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-óp. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse aqómw `mK-¯nð BÀ«n-¡nÄ Fgp-]-Xnð Fñm-¯-c-¯n-epÅ Xoïepw sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡m³ hyh-Ø-bpïv. ]s£, Ct¸mgpw tIc-f-am-k-Iew Xoïepw sXmSoepw A`w-Kpcw XpS-cp-óp.
cmPys¯ sam¯w ØnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-a-ñ. Npcp-¡-¯nð Cu hIp-¸p-sImïv lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v hfsc {]tbm-P-\-samópw Dïm-bn-«n-ñ. Ipd-¨p-t]À¡v hnZym-`ym-khpw tPmenbpw In«n-sb-¦nepw alm-`q-cn-]-£w lcn-P-\-§fpw \nXy-]-«n-Wn-bn-em-Wv.
k¼-ó-cmb Ipd¨v lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v kaq-l-¯nð t`Z-s¸« Øm\w e`n-¨n-cn-¡mw. Fómð kwØm\ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS \sñmcp iX-am\w hcpó lcn-P-\-§-fnse alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. Ccp-]-Xp-hÀjw ap¼v AhÀ F§-s\-bm-bn-cptóm B Ah-Ø-Xsó Cópw XpS-cp-óp. 1964ð t]mepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Ø¡v Hcp-am-ä-hp-an-ñ. sIm¨p-\-K-c-§fpw Ip{Km-a-§fpw kµÀin-¡q. kaq-l-¯nð\nópw Xo­m-¸m-S-Ise amän\nÀ¯-s¸« ]mh-s¸« lcn-P-\-§sf \n§Ä¡v t\cn-«p-Im-Wmw. Hcp \mb-cp-sStbm {_mÒ-W-sâtbm InW-änð\nópw shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ AhÀ¡m-hn-ñ.
tImc³ (hIp¸v a{´n) [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä \nc-¯n-bn-«pïv. aptóm¡ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ lcn-P-\-§sf InW-änð\nópw shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m¯ Gsd kw`-h-§Ä F\n¡v t\cn-«-dn-bmw. Cu A\oXn tkmjy-en-k-amtWm? AYhm P\m-[n-]-Xy-amtWm? sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva-bpsS Dòq-e-\-amtWm CXv? kmÀ, Añ. Cóv lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v Hcp {]tXyI _mÀ_À jm¸ntem Nmb-¡-S-bntem Ib-dm³ ]äp-ón-ñ. CXmWv cmPys¯ s]mXp-Øn-Xn. Iqen hm§p-ó-h-cpsS CS-bnðt]mepw AhÀ aäp-Å-h-cnð\nópw thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-óp. km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp lcn-P³ tPmen-¡m-c\v In«pó thX\w \mbÀ, apÉnw, {InkvXy³ tPmen-¡msc At]-£n¨v XpÑ-am-Wv.
F\n¡v t\cn«v t_m[y-ap-Å-Im-cyw. ae-_mÀ `mK¯v lcn-P\v e`n-¡pó Iqen aäp-Å-hsc At]-£n¨v hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Hcp lcn-Ps\ Iqen-¡v \nÀ¯n-bmð hfsc Ipdª {]Xn-^ew sImSp-¯mð aXn. AtX-k-abw lcn-P-t\-Xsc \ntbm-Kn-¨mð DbÀó {]Xn-^ew \ðI-Ww. CXmWv \½psS kwØm-\¯v \mw ImWpó bmYmÀ°yw. AXn-\mð Rm³ _lp-am-\-s¸« lcn-P-\-t£a hIp¸v a{´n-tbmSv A`yÀ°n-¡p-óp, {_mlva-W\pw \mbÀ¡pw {InkvXym-\n¡pw e`n-¡p-ó-Xp-t]m-epÅ Xpeym-h-Im-i-§fpw tkmjyð ÌmäÊpw lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v IqSn e`n-¡m³ k{In-b-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ FSp-¡-Ww. Ah-cpsS km¼-¯nI Zmcn{Zyw Dòq-e\w sN¿-Ww. Rm³ Hcp-Imcyw tNmZn-¡s«. km¼-¯n-I-ambn Zcn-{Z-\mb \mbÀ¡pw km¼-¯n-I-ambn hfsc Zcn-{Z-\mb {InkvXym-\n¡pw km¼-¯n-I-ambn hfsc hfsc Zcn-{Z-\mb {_mÒ-W\pw kaq-l-¯nð _lp-am-\y-amb Øm\-apïv. Fómð Zcn-{Z-\mb Hcp lcn-P\v kaq-l-¯nð Fs´-¦nepw Øm\-aptïm?
`n£m-S\w \S-¯p-ó-h-cpsS Imcyw t\m¡pI. `n£-¡mÀ \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nepw {InkvXy³ kap-Zm-b-¯nepw lcn-P³ kap-Zm-b-¯n-ep-ap-ïv. ]s£, lcn-P-\mb `n£-¡m-cs\ kaq-l-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Bcpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-ón-ñ. \oï ]Xn-t\gphÀjs¯ lcn-P-t\m-²m-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v tijhpw CXmWv bmYmÀ°yw. AXn-\mð Rm³ \nÀt±iw sh¡p-óp. Cu hIp-¸n\v am{X-ambn Imcy-am-sbmópw sN¿m³ km[n-¡n-ñ. \mbÀ¡pw {_mlva-WÀ¡pw kaq-l-¯nse aäp-Å-hÀ¡pw lcn-P-\§-tfm-SpÅ kao-]-\-¯nð amäw hc-Ww. lcn-P-\-§Ä X§-fpsS kplr-¯p-¡fpw Abðhm-kn-I-fp-am-sWó t_m[w AhÀ¡p-ïm-I-Ww. CXn-\mbn Rm³ Hcp-Imcyw aptóm-«p-sh-¡p-óp. lcn-P-\-t£-a-h-Ip¸v \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯ntem Asñ-¦nð aäv aptóm¡ kap-Zm-b-¯ntem DÅ HcmÄ¡v \ðI-Ww. lcn-P-\-a-{´n¡v dh\yq, s]meokv t]mepÅ hIp-¸nsâ Npa-Xe \ðI-Ww. A§s\ hómð am{Xta R§-fpsS kap-Zm-b-¯nse AwKw dh-\yq-a-{´n-bm-Wv, lcn-P³ a{´n-bñ Fó tXmóð Ah-cnð Dïm-hp-I-bq-Åq.
F´mWv Chn-Ss¯ ØnXn? lcn-P-\mb a{´n lcn-P-\-t£a hIp-¸n-t\bpw lcn-P-\-§-tfbpw ]cn-]m-en-¡p-óp. Fsâ [mc-W, Cu hIp¸v Hcp \mbsc Gð]n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nð lcn-P-\-§-fpsS k¦-S-§Ä AbmÄ¡v Ipsd-¡qSn \ómbn a\-Ên-em-Ipw. Abm-fpsS kap-Zm-b-¯nse AwK-§-tfmSv lcn-P-\§-fp-ambn k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯m³ AbmÄ Bh-iy-s¸-Spw. A§s\ lcn-P-\-§fpw \mbcpw {InkvXym-\nbpw X½nð kl-I-c-W-¯nsâ ]pXnb ]Ùmhv Xpd-¡-s¸-Spw.
Cóv lcn-P³ Fsómcp {]tXyIhÀ¤w krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-óp. Dd-¸n¨p ]d-b-s«, Rm³ lcn-P-\-§-fpsS A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-bm-Wv. AXn-\mð Fsâ sXm«-Sp¯v lcn-P\v hón-cn¡m-\pÅ kml-Ncyw Rm³ A`n-e-jn-¡p-óp. ]mh-s¸« lcn-P\pw apÉnapw {Kma-§-fnð tXmtfmSp tXmfp-cp½n kô-cn-¡-Ww. lcn-P-\-§Ä Zcn-{Z-\m-bmepw k¼-ó-\m-bmepw apÉnw-IÄ Abmsf InW-änð \nópw shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-Ww. Hcp {_mÒ-Ws\ InW-änð \nópw shÅsa-Sp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-ó-Xp-t]mse lcn-P-s\bpw InW-änð \nópw shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-Ww. Hcp apÉnw tlm«ð \S-¯p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ \mbÀ¡pw {InkvXym-\n¡pw {_mÒ-WÀ¡pw Nmb sImSp-¡p-óp. AhtcmsSms¡ apÉnw PmXn hyXym-kanñmsX s]cp-am-dp-óp. Hcp-]-s£, lcn-P-\-§-tfmSp adn¨p s]cp-am-dp-ó-Xn\p Ncn{X]c-amb Imc-W-§Ä thsd Dïm-Imw.
C¡m-cy-¯n-sems¡ a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb amä-amWv thïXv. Bfp-I-fpsS a\-Ên-emWv KpW-]-c-amb amäw BZyw kw`-hn-t¡-ïXv. kaqla\Êv kaq-e-ambn amd-Ww. Cue-£yw-sh¨v lcn-P\ t£ahIp¸v hÀ[n¨ {]Nm-cWw \S-¯-Ww. {]Nm-c-W-¯nsâ {][m\ Npa-Xe \mb-scbpw {_mÒ-W-s\bpw Gð]n-¡-Ww. AhÀ lcn-P-\-§-fp-sS A[x-ØnXn sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m³ s]mXp-P-\-§-tfmSv Blzm\w sN¿-Ww. aptóm¡ kap-Zm-b-§Ä lcn-P-\-§Ä¡p thïn XymKw sN¿m³ kó-²-cm-I-Ww.
lc-n-P-\-§-fpsS hnZym-`ymks¯ Ipdn¨pw F\n¡p ]d-bm-\pïv. \mbÀ¡pw {InkvXym-\n¡pw [mcmfw tImtf-Pp-IÄ A\p-h-Zn-¨-Xmbn ImWp-óp. Nne lcn-P³ kwL-S-\-IÄ tImtf-Pn\p thïn At]-£n-¨-Xmbpw B At]-£-IÄ hnZym-`ymk hIp¸v \nc-kn-¨-Xmbpw FtómSv ]d-bp-I-bpïm-bn. C¡mcyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ Rm³ kÀ¡m-dn-t\mSv At]-£n-¡p-óp.
]»nIv kÀhokv I½o-j-\nð Hcp lcn-P³ sa¼sd \nb-an-¡m-\pÅ At]£ Rm³ kÀ¡m-dn\p ap¼nð kaÀ¸n-¡p-óp. Hcp Imcyw IqSn ]dªv Fsâ hm¡p-IÄ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡mw. ae-_m-dnð lcn-P³ tImf-\n-I-fnð ]WnX hosSms¡ Hgnªp InS-¡p-óp. lcn-P-\-§Ä AhnsS ]mÀ¡m³ kó-²-c-ñ. CXn\p {][m\ ImcWw tImf-\n-IÄ Hä-s¸«p InS-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv. AhÀ tImf-\n-I-fnð t]mbn Xma-kn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nð AhÀ¡-hnsS tPmen e`n-¡m³ km[y-X-bn-ñ. kmÀ tNmZn-¡-s«, F´n-\mWv aptóm¡ PmXn-¡mÀ Xma-kn-¡pó Øe-§-fnð \nópw Zqscamdn lcn-P-\-§-tfmSp Xma-kn-¡m³ Bhiy-s¸-Sp-ó-Xv? F´n-\mWv C¯cw lcn-P\ tImf-\n-IÄ? F´p-sImïv aptóm¡ kap-Zmb¡mcmb \mb-òmcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Xma-kn-¡pó ]cnk-c¯pXsó lcn-P-\-§-tfmSpw Xma-kn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸«p IqS? tað kap-Zm-b-¡m-tcmSv lcn-P-\-§-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-hm³ Bh-iy-s¸-S-Ww. A§s\ am{Xta sXm«p-Iq-Smbva Cñm-Xm-¡m³ km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åp. C¯-c-¯nte lcn-P-\-§sf \ap¡v \ómbn tkhn-¡m-\mhq.''

T.K.Abdullakunhi
The author is a well known writer. He has published large number of articles exposing the historical relevance of Kasaragod and the people.\r\nHe has penned widely discussed book on the registration acts and its amendments.